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Abstract: An evaluative
guide to major CD-ROMs with serious informational and reference content issued
by Brazilian institutions, including products from Bireme, Ibict, USP, Editora
Abril, Gazeta Mercantil, Biblioteca Nacional and other sources.
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In general, libraries successfully adopt technologies which are popular within society in general, especially in offices. Typewriters were, until recently, widely used in offices and were also basic library tools. Computers offer an example of a major current technology which also has numerous library applications. If typewriters and computers only had applications in libraries, they might never have been manufactured, and, if they did exist, would be extremely expensive. There was at first little interest in financing the invention of Xerox equipment, because it was thought that it would only be purchased by libraries as an alternative to bulky Photostat equipment. In fact Xerox became universally adopted by offices and low price copying revolutionized the way in which researchers use libraries.
CD-ROMs, however, followed an inverse route; the original CD-ROM technology was limited largely to libraries, but within a few years minor improvements in the technology (internal CD-ROM drives; color) made these discs a mass market consumer product. This, in turn, led to a rapid increase in the production of CD-ROMs and the number of titles available. Some of the titles produced for the general public are also of interest to libraries, which therefore benefit directly from popular demand.
CD-ROM discs were first offered to the public in industrialized countries in 1982 and came into Brazil quite quickly; they were first shown at a computer fair in 1988 and the first professional paper in Portuguese known to me dates from the same year (BRITO, 1988). At that time Brazil computer equipment was still subject to the reserved market policy which made it impossible for foreign companies to produce computer equipment in Brazil between 1984 and 1992. This nationalist legislation, in force during the twilight of the military regime, had as its official objective the creation of a home-grown industry in what was considered a strategic area, which would then supply the rapidly growing Brazilian market with locally produced microcomputers. It was, however, strongly criticized for forcing Brazilian companies into purchasing outdated technology at inflated prices, while the relatively limited number of Brazilians who used computers at home relied on smuggled equipment, normally running pirated software. Equipment which could not be made locally, such as Mackintosh computers, was almost unavailable and Mackintoshes are little used in Brazil even today; for instance Brazilian CD-ROMs rarely offer compatibility with Mackintosh.
CD-ROM equipment was very lucky in Brazil, because, despite being born into such a negative climate, it was able to avoid most of the problems which affected the Brazilian computer scene at that time. First, it was not considered necessary to require local manufacture of CD-ROM readers, as it was clear that the demand for such highly specialized machines would be low. There was also no question of simply prohibiting this equipment, because information was considered of strategic value to Brazil; at the beginning of the 1980s, despite the beginning of the economic crisis, the Interdata international packet switching system had been set up to enable Brazilians to search Dialog and other overseas data base hosts, paying in local currency. CD-ROMs were becoming known as a channel for medical information and their use in this area was being championed by the Biblioteca Regional de Medicina, subordinated to the Pan American Health Organization, and through that to the World Health Organization. Medicine was an area considered strategic for information needs in Brazil; it was one of the few subjects, along with Agriculture, Energy (notably Nuclear Engineering), Engineering, Mining and Parliamentary / Legal information, which had a major information system.
So the first CD-ROM equipment seen in a library context in Brazil was imported by Bireme and distributed, together with Medline discs, to medical libraries. This initiative offered major advantages to Bireme, because it liberated medical libraries from the necessity of searching Bireme’s own computers via packet switching for routine searches. This brought the equipment to the attention of librarians in general, who were quick to realize the advantages of searching locally. Outside Bireme the major information source was Dialog, where information searches attracted significant telecommunication fees and charges per minute. Bireme capitalized on this situation by making available Latin American medical information in CD-ROM format on the Lilacs disc (CASTRO, 1989). This was the first CD-ROM made in Brazil and put the library profession at the forefront of development in this field. Impact was strongest in University libraries, where CD-ROMs could be sought as gifts or purchased like books, avoiding the bureaucratic problems of paying variable monthly sums for searching foreign data bases via telecommunication links (ANDRADE, 1990; LOPES, 1991).
The major obstacle to the rapid growth of CD-ROM equipment was the adverse financial situation at the beginning of the current decade, which made it difficult for libraries to purchase this type of equipment. Here again, CD-ROM was lucky in the Brazilian context because the financial crisis coincided with a major reduction in size of the equipment. The Toshiba CD-ROM readers originally imported by Bireme had been quite large external drives, about the size of a fax machine; external drives rapidly shrunk in size and were replaced by much cheaper internal drives, which could be slotted into microcomputers in the space occupied by floppy disc drives. From around 1992 internal drives were becoming easily available to Brazilians, either sold locally or brought back from overseas (a Brazilian tourist could legally return with a CD-ROM drive without paying customs duty, as its dollar price was below the limit for overseas purchases). Many middle class Brazilian adolescents first saw CD-ROMs in one of Brazil’s numerous English language schools, which used imported discs as teaching aids. Young people rapidly realized that this technology gave them access to fast moving, colorful computer games and were quick to ask their parents to install a CD-ROM drive on the home computer. In turn, Brazilian manufacturers began to produce CD-ROM discs specifically for the home market; the first item with major informational content was the CD-ROM version of Almanaque Abril, launched in 1994. This was based on Brazil’s best-established and almanack, which had been selling well in traditional format for many years. Lilacs also existed in print before going onto CD-ROM; in this respect Brazilian experience closely reflects that of other countries: successful CD-ROMs are frequently based on existing best selling printed publications. The most successful childrens CD-ROM is about Monica, heroine of a long-established comic book; CBP: Catalogo Brasileiro de Publicacoes, was available in microfiche before it went to CD-ROM.
The CD-ROM is now firmly established as part of Brazilian life; unofficial estimates speak of over 300,000 drives installed. The vast majority of titles sold in Brazil are imported games, but there is a small but growing percentage of locally produced material. CD-ROMs produced in Brazil can be placed in three categories for the purposes of this paper: discs specifically produced for library use: Lilacs, Ibict, Biblioteca Nacional, Unibibli etc.; mass market products of relevance to libraries: Almanaque Abril, Gazeta Mercantil, Folha de Sao Paulo etc.; other mass market products. A recent survey, of great value during the compilation of this paper (GOYA, 1996), listed over sixty Portuguese language CD-ROMs available on the Brazilian market, but many of these are translations or not relevant to libraries. A typical price for a Brazilian CD-ROM is around R$70 or US$70; Brazilian mass market CD-ROMS are normally presented in full-size boxes, making them both more attractive to prospective purchasers and more difficult to pilfer from stores.
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2.1 LILACS
The Lilacs CD-ROM from Bireme,
Biblioteca Regional de Medicina, Sao Paulo, includes citations and lengthy
abstracts of Latin American publications in the bio-medical field. It was the
first CD-ROM produced in Brazil and is probably the best-known and most widely
used amongst libraries (CASTRO, 1989). Lilacs now includes around 130,000 records
from 600 periodicals; other files on the CD-ROM include subject headings and
literature on Sanitary Engineering. Bireme is also issuing proceedings of biomedical
conferences on CD-ROM.
2.2 IBICT
Ibict, Instituto Brasileiro
de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia, located in Brasilia, is Brazil’s
national documentation center, responsible for a wide variety activities related
to the production, standardization and dissemination of information; it is subordinate
to the CNPq, the national research agency. Its CD-ROM, Bases de dados em
Ciencia e Tecnologia, includes the Brazilian National Union Catalog of Periodicals,
guides to information sources in technological information, Union catalog of
Technical Standards, Union Catalog of Conference Proceedings, Brazilian theses
in science and technology, and information on the Federations of Industry of
the various Brazilian states.
2.3 UNIBIBLI
The Unibibli CD-ROM carries
the union catalog of books, theses and serials at the major Sao Paulo state
academic libraries: USP, Unicamp and Unesp (MERCADANTE, 1994). The disc has
over 600,000 records and uses the same system as Ibict.
2.4 BNLIBRIS
Brazil’s National Library
is launching a CD-ROM with bibliographic data of 180,000 Brazilian books cataloged
there since 1982 and records for certain other materials in the Library. This
will fill a long-felt need, because up to now no national agency offered MARC-level
cataloging in electronic form for local processing activities. Until now the
only way to obtain bibliographic data for library automation purposes was to
join the Bibliodata library network set up by the Fundacao Getulio Vargas, paying
a monthly charge to share data which was defined by the FGV. The Potiron Software
Bureau is launching a software, Ortodocs, to enable catalogers to retrieve
and use data from the Biblioteca Nacional CD-ROM. Other CD-ROM products
of the National Library are a CD-ROM of old maps, recently issued. There are
plans to produce CD-ROMs of musical texts and photographs selected from the
40,000 collected by Emperor Pedro II in the nineteenth century.
2.5 IBGE
In March 1996 the Instituto
Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica - IBGE, launched the Pesquisa Nacional
de Area e Domicilio (PNAD): 1992 e 1993 with data from national research
samples of households in the fields of Education, employment, family and earnings.
This is the first CD-ROM from IBGE, but census data should also come out in
mid-1996 on CD-ROM; at the moment the results of the 1991 demographic census
are available on 7 floppy discs. The current IBGE catalog lists 14 products
available on floppy discs, a couple of which run under Lotus; presumably future
data will mostly be distributed via CD-ROM. IBGE also now has a web site: http://www.ibge.gov.br
2.6 OTHER CD-ROMS FOR LIBRARIES
There are a couple of highly specialized CD-ROMs of relevance to specific areas. CD-CIN contains with references to Brazilian literature on nuclear energy and is produced by the Comissao Nacional de Energia Nuclear - CNEN. MicroSiga: Sistema de Informacoes Geologicas do Brasil em CD-ROM, produced by the Companhia de Pesquisa de Recursos Minerais - CPRM, contains geological, rather than bibliographic information and is relatively expensive, R$350. The hefty Anais produced by the Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciencia - SBPC are familiar to researchers; from the 1996 meeting at PUC/SP these should be produced in CD-ROM. The CBP: Catalogo Brasileiro de Publicacoes is the Brazilian equivalent of Books in Print, compiled by the well-known Sao Paulo publisher Nobel, originally in microfiche, now in CD-ROM. This is aimed at bookstores and its entries are abbreviated (e.g. a maximum of a single line for the book title) so this is of little direct value to libraries.
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3.1 ALMANAQUE ABRIL
Almanaque Abril is
Brazil’s major almanack, now in its twenty second year as a print publication.
It includes all normal almanack material, plus a strong section on Brazilian
current affairs. The CD-ROM version, launched in 1994, was the first informational
mass-market product offered in Brazil and still outsells other Brazilian discs.
Offers a million information items in five basic subdivisions: Events of the
year, Brazil, The World, General knowledge and Atlas, illustrated by 500 photos;
46 animated drawings, 42 videos, plus maps, flags and national anthems.
3.2 BALANCO ANUAL / GAZETA MERCANTIL
Gazeta Mercantil is
the Brazilian equivalent of the Wall Street Times, Brazil’s major financial
daily newspaper. For the last twenty years it has printed an annual financial
summary, called Balanco Anual, with financial and other information on
major Brazilian companies. This has been available in CD-ROM format since 1994.
3.3 FOLHA DE SAO PAULO
The Folha de Sao Paulo,
Brazil’s best selling newspaper, was also the first to put its complete text
onto CD-ROM. The text of 100,000 articles published in 1994 issues was in a
disc issued in April 1995; the 1995 disc is due out mid-1996. The Folha de
Sao Paulo has been investing heavily in electronic information, setting
up a major web site in May 1996 (www.folha.com.br).
It will be interesting to see how the relationship between the web site and
the CD-ROM develop in future.
3.4 DICIONARIO AURELIO ELETRONICO
Electronic version of the
famous dictionary compiled by Aurelio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira; 130,000 entries,
a million words, 300,000 synonyms and 300,000 examples; includes tables of verbs
and reverse dictionary. This was the first product of its type launched in Brazil,
and over 15,000 copies have been sold. It was originally offered for DOS, now
most copies sold are either on floppy disc for Windows or in CD-ROM.
3.5 DIC MAXI + CORRETO; DIC MICHAELIS
Electronic version of multilingual
dictionary best known as the Michaelis series, published by Melhoramentos; in
various versions. Each version contains a full Portuguese dictionary plus an
additional dictionary between Portuguese and either English, French, Italian,
Spanish or German. The Portuguese language dictionary only is available under
the title DIC MICHAELIS. Available in both floppy disc and CD-ROM.
3.6 CD-ROM DO ANO
The 1996 edition of this co-production between Agencia Estado and Revista Neo covered events of 1995, such as the inauguration of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso and major soccer matches in video and audio.
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This paper focusses informational CD-ROMs of interest to libraries, but some notes on other products available in Brazil will be helpful in presenting a complete picture:
Legal information is well developed on CD-ROM in Brazil, with important resources available from two totally different suppliers; this reflects the great importance which Brazilian society gives to bureaucratic and legal matters. Saraiva Data, a branch of the the well-known bookseller and publisher, produces two judicial and legislative CD-ROMs, JUIS: Jurisprudencia Informatizada Saraiva (decisions of Supreme Tribunal of Justice and major Sao Paulo courts) and LIS: Legislacao Informatizada Saraiva (Federal legislation in force). These are clearly aimed not at libraries but at legal offices, which are more than willing to pay the heavy annual subscriptions of R$490 and R$1,060 respectively. JUIS was said to have 900 subcribers, LIS around 3,000 at the beginning of 1996.
A similar product, but from a government institution at a much more reasonable price is: Legislacao brasileira, a CD-ROM offered by Federal Senate for R$70. This includes complete Brazilian federal legislation from 1946 to the end of 1995; plus other laws and codes (e.g. the Consolidated Labor Code) and a bibliography of monographs and periodical articles, from 17 significant Brazilian collections. This is produced by Prodasen - Centro de Informatica e Processamento de Dados do Senado Federal; six-monthly updates are planned. The Prodasen system was one of the first information systems set up in Brazil, at the beginning of the 1970s, when computers were still uncommon there.
Geographical CD-ROMs mostly focus Brazil’s richest state, Sao Paulo. Um mundo chamado Sao Paulo is a CD-ROM about the State of Sao Paulo, produced by the State in conjunction with Microservice, which includes maps, photos, video and audio; 15,000 copies were pressed of which 5,000 were donated to schools and other institutions; the remainder were to be sold. Agemap 3.1 for Windows is a detailed electronic map of all streets of Greater Sao Paulo; streets can be identified from stems of names, maps can be printed and measurements can be made directly on the electronic map. A similar product has been announced for Rio de Janeiro, while a CD-ROM called simply Rio de Janeiro has been prepared for tourists with photos of carnival and historic Rio and its monuments. Porto Seguro: Brasil do descobrimento, is a Portuguese and English description of the tourist paradise in Bahia where the Portuguese made their first landing in Brazil. Ouro Preto: o maior conjunto barroco do mundo describes the historic city in Minas Gerais in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Amazonia: a terra das aguas comes from Manaus and proudly proclaims itself to be o primeiro CD-ROM produzido no Amazonas; it includes an hour of documentaries and 220 photos. The Atlas geografico brasileiro is an introductory atlas of Brasil in CD-ROM format; it includes 330 different maps of various types, also geographical and statistical information and photographs. inCEP is a guide to Brazilian zip codes, known as CEPs (codigos de enderecamento postal).
Several educational CD-ROMs have been launched in Brazil; most are aimed at Brazilian high school or introductory university level (the same age group that purchases imported games in CD-ROM), but some may be of interest overseas. History titles include Historia do Brasil, introductory in nature, while Brasil Historia is an electronic version of an established textbook by Antonio Mendes Junior, Luis Roncari and Ricardo Maranhao with volumes covering Colonia, Imperio, Republica and Brasil contemporaneo for a total of 1,200 paginas, 400 fotos. Agencia Estado issued a CD-ROM on the Second World War, including Brazil’s participation.
There are so far few CD-ROMs on famous Brazilians, the first seems to have been a posthumous disc on the racing driver Ayrton Senna. CD-ROMs on Dom Helder Camara and Gilberto Gil have been announced for 1996.
Many CD-ROMs for children are translations, but there are also interesting local items, such as Arca de Noe with childrens’ poems by Vinicius de Moraes, plus karaoke and games. Monica Dentuca features Mauricio de Souza’s famous comic book heroine. MPB para criancas, presents Brazilian music by Caetano Veloso and others against typical backgrounds. Mariana Massarani prepared an interesting story called Victor e seu jacare about a boy who got an alligator for his birthday. Well-known children’s author Ruth Rocha prepared a CD-ROM version of her O menino que aprendeu a ver. CD-ROMs to teach Brazilian children math and spelling can also be found.
The first and most important CD-ROM magazine was Revista Neo Interativa, 1994-, seven issues have come out in CD-ROM format. This claims to have sold a total of 40,000 copies, and tries to balance imported and Brazilian content; e.g. there is Mike Tyson and Naomi Campbell, but also Japanese in Sao Paulo and Brazilians on Everest. GP Interativa is a magazine on Formula One racing in CD-ROM format, of which the first issue came out in 1996. There are a couple of magazines which appear on newsstands, CD Expert and CD-ROM Today, but, as their titles suggest, these are devoted to imported games and software.
Miscellaneous Brazilian CD-ROMs include wildlife titles aimed mostly at children, such as Serpentes brasileiras, with videos of snakes, and Tartarugas Marinhas do Brasil about sea turtles, which includes games and permits the purchaser to adopt a sea turtle. Plantas ornamentais no Brasil is a bilingual (English / Portuguese) CD-ROM with information on 704 plants of interest to gardners and landscape architects. There is also a CD-ROM on Orquideas brasileiras. A famous player will teach you the Brazilian national sport on Aprenda futebol com Zico. Locally produced CD-ROMs of Brazilian shareware are available. Self-help literature has recently been selling well in Brazil; one of the most famous authors in this field is Lair Ribeiro, whose O Sucesso nao ocorre por ocaso has sold over a million copies. He now plans to produce a CD-ROM version of this text. A CD-ROM on Brazilian cinema is planned for July 1996, the centenary of the first film show in Brazil. CD-ROMs now reflect most facets of life in Brazil and it is difficult to name an activity which does not have some relevant product. Needless to day, there is a CD-ROM called Sexy Carnaval in Rio. Fortunately there are also some more imaginative items, such as the erotic CD-ROM filmed in Florianopolis, about a male surfer who comes back from the beach to be met by friendly female neighbors; this is one of the few CD-ROMs so far made outside Rio or Sao Paulo. The comedy team, Casseta e Planeta, has recently become famous in Brazil, for outspoken political comment which mixes surrealism in the style of Monty Python with the kind of language which normally only appears on toilet walls. Many consider their work shocking but it may be the only logical reaction to the disappointments and downturns of Brazil in the nineties. They have published several books, have a web site and in 1996 they launched a CD-ROM in their inimitable style. Called Noite animal, it was described by one reviewer as the dirtiest thing in Brazilian computing; for instance it includes a version of Tetris which involved fitting together parts of human bodies; as might be expected, this product was priced at R$69.
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Due to financial instability libraries had considerable difficulty in purchasing microcomputer and CD-ROM equipment during the early 1990s. The government, in collaboration with the World Bank, set up the Antares program which aims at increasing access of Brazilian libraries to bibliographic data bases (Antares was originally called SPA: Sistema Publico de Acesso). Like the Bireme program at the end of the previous decade, the cornerstone of Antares is the free distribution of equipment to libraries. A library can ask for the installation of an Information Post; approved libraries receive a microcomputer with CD-ROM and fax modem. The library has to offer service to the public, identify and purchase discs relevant to its area, define a policy for charging for information and guarantee a direct telephone line for the system. This program has been extremely popular and has resulted in the installation of CD-ROM equipment in about 200 libraries, including all Federal universities and many other institutions open to the public. It is backed up by a policy of supporting Brazilian information providers; several key systems, such as Ibict and Bireme, have received financial support and equipment to facilitate access to their files via Internet.
CD-ROM production is quite common in Brazil now. Equipment started to become easily availble in 1994 and and it is no longer difficult to have a disc pressed in Sao Paulo. Design of discs is another matter, and reviewers often complain that Brazilian discs do not fully utilize the medium. The Escola de Communicacoes e Arte of USP is active in CD-ROM design within its ground-breaking Escola do Futuro project.
A handful of Brazilian libraries now have catalogs which can be searched via Internet. The next logical step would be the implantation of campus wide information systems which permit remote searching of CD-ROMs, but so far none have been reported in Brazil. Microcomputers are now routinely sold in Brazil with CD-ROM drives fitted. There is also a clear tendency to launch more CD-ROMs of interest to libraries. The future of the CD-ROM in Brazil can be guaranteed until the end of the millennium, at least. Beyond that, it is difficult to make any forecast because of the extremely rapid rate of technological change in this area. It is clear, however, that the major advantage of the CD-ROM for developing countries is being rapidly eroded. It permitted searching without expensive charges for overseas telecommunications, but today Brazilian academic librarians are able to search catalogs in North America via Internet without incurring hourly costs directly charged against their libraries. Free Internet searching is tremendously popular and there is naturally a strong demand for wider services of this nature. Certain systems are already available both in CD-ROM and also on Internet; notably Ibict, (http://www.ibict.br), Folha de Sao Paulo (http://www.folha.com.br) and Revista Neo Interativa (http://www.embratel.net.br/infoserv/neo/). It is probable that more and more files will be made available via Internet, freely or for a nominal charge. Much depends on whether a convenient way of charging small amounts for each page consulted can be established. This will in itself force down the prices of all other information sources. Something similar has happened in the CD-ROM field itself; a few years ago customers were willing to pay up to a thousand dollars for a major CD-ROM information source; now, with so much available at a hundred dollars or less, there is considerable customer resistance to high price tags. Customers will demand relatively cheap information and suppliers will have to price their products accordingly. Pressing, advertising and distributing CD-ROMs will have to compete with setting up an Internet site and charging for searches, either by subscription or by a system similar to a credit card. It is difficult to foresee the future of CD-ROM in the face of the universal, easy access to Internet which will probably exist within a few years. Informational CD-ROMs may have difficulty in competing with constantly updated files searched via Internet. Even the CD-ROMs of games which now dominate the market may have difficulty surviving against far more complex games with thousands of players, played on large computers via cheap Internet terminals. The only real chance for the technology is if re-recordable compact discs become as cheap as magnetic recording media and replace floppy discs for all purposes in micro and portable computers. One single drive would then load software, record and update personal files, offer games, access information sources and probably also show films. Work stations could use the current size of disc, while palmtop systems would probably adopt smaller discs, similar to the current audio Minidiscs. This would offer major advantages to computer users, but it is not clear whether this technology will be ready in the short or medium term.
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This paper has been compiled from numerous sources, including clippings taken from newspapers and magazines over several years. All CD-ROMs cited have been described in print or seen by the compiler at one time or another, but some items go out of print quickly. There is little standardization of packaging or information; the title cited in the press is frequently different from that given on the box; many CD-ROM boxes just inform the telephone number of the producer or distributor, while in some cases there is no indication how to contact the company responsible. In some cases it is difficult to determine from a printed description whether a product is available in CD-ROM or floppy disc or both.
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Note: this paper was prepared
while the author was teaching at the:
Departamento de Biblioteconomia, Centro de Artes
e Comunicacao,
Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE,
Cidade Universitaria, 50670-901 Recife, PE,
Brazil.